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Contents
Internetwork Mobility
The CDPD Approach
Mark S. Taylor
William Waung
Mohsen Banan
June 11, 1996
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Preliminaries
Basic Data Communication Model
Variations on a Theme
The Communications Channel
Channel Characteristics
Communication Protocols
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols
The OSI Reference Model
Layer 1 - The Physical Layer
Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer
The MAC Sublayer
The LLC Sublayer
Layer 3 - The Network Layer
Layer 4 - The Transport Layer
Layer 5 - The Session Layer
Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer
Layer 7 - The Application Layer
Protocols, Primitives and Services
Protocol and Service Data Units
Mobile Data Communications Entities
Summary
Introduction to Mobility
What is Mobility?
Basic Approaches to Mobility
Approach 1: Application Awareness
Approach 2: Directory Lookup
Approach 3: Mailbox Service
Approach 4: Administrative Redirection
Aspects of Mobile Communications
Mobile Network Access
Mobility Management
The Essential Challenge of Mobility Management
Knowing Where the Mobile is
Routing Data to the Mobile
Mobility Management is a Network Layer Function
Network Layer Addresses
Network Topology Changes
Routing Table Updates
Mobility Management Schemes
Permanent Address Scheme (PAS)
Temporary Address Scheme (TAS)
Embedded Network Scheme (ENS)
ENS Variations
Steps in the Mobility Management Process
Registration
Usage
De-registration
A Simple Taxonomy of Mobility
Type 0 Mobility: Stationarity
Type 1 Mobility: Location Independence
Type 2 Mobility: Transience
Range of Mobility
Channel
Cell
Mobility Area
Administrative Domain
Mobility is not Wirelessness
Wireless Considerations
Challenges of Mobility
Geography vs. Network Topology
Part-time Destinations
Moving Targets
Application Transparency
Name-to-Address Mapping
Security
Scale
Summary
Introduction to Cellular Systems
The Ubiquity of Cellular
Radio Channels
The Cellular Concept
Cell Handoff
Cellular Channel Quality
Power Control
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
AMPS Channels
Roaming
AMPS Cellular Operation
AMPS Mobile Call Origination
AMPS Mobile Call Termination
AMPS Radio Resource Management (RRM)
AMPS Mobility Management
Data Transmission via AMPS
Digital Cellular Technologies
Europe: GSM and DCS 1800
Japan: PDC
North American Digital Standards
TDMA (IS-54/13x)
CDMA (IS-95,99)
PCS: Back to the Future?
PCS Licensing
PCS Standards
PCS Challenges
Summary
Overview of CDPD
CDPD Background
CDPD Prototypes
"CDPD Lite"
CDPD Forum
CDPD Service Providers
Relationship of CDPD to other Cellular Data Initiatives
CDPD Services and Characteristics
CDPD Network Services
CDPD Network Support Services
CDPD Network Application Services
CDPD Design Goals and Considerations
Location Independence
Application Transparency
Multiprotocol Support
Interoperability
Minimal Invention
Optimal Usage of RF
Evolutionary Design
Open
Secure
Simple
Transparent to the Existing Cellular Voice Network
The CDPD Architectural Approach
The Three Key CDPD Interfaces
The A-Interface
The E-Interface
The I-Interface
CDPD Network Elements
The Mobile End System (M-ES)
The Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS)
The Mobile Data Intermediate System (MD-IS)
The MDBS-to-MD-IS Interface
The Intermediate System (IS)
The Fixed End System (F-ES)
The Accounting Server (AS)
The Authentication Server
The Directory Server
The Network Management System
The Message Transfer System
CDPD Mobility Management
CDPD Radio Resource Management
CDPD Security
CDPD Accounting
Summary
Mobility Management in Wide-Area Networks
The CDPD Mobility Vision
The CDPD Mobility Approach
CDPD Mobility Management Scope
CDPD Mobility Management Functions
CDPD Routing Architecture
CDPD Protocol Architecture
CDPD Support Protocol Architecture
CDPD Mobility Management Operation
Mobile Identification to Network - End System Hello (ESH)
Mobile Redirection Request (RDR)
Confirmation of service - Redirect Confirm (RDC)
Confirmation to M-ES - Intermediate System Confirm (ISC)
CDPD Mobile Data Routing
Home MD-IS
Serving MD-IS
Intra-Area Mobility
Inter-area Mobility
Other Administrative Operations
Redirect Flush
Redirect Query and End System Query
Support Data Structures
Home Domain Directory
Registration Directory
Location Directory
Multicast Group Management
CDPD Multicast Service Definition
Multicast Registration
Multicast Authentication
Multicast Data Redirection
Multicast Data Forwarding
Multicast Service Characteristics
Broadcast Addresses
Selection rationale
CLNP
Triangle routing
Summary
Accessing the Mobile Network
The A-Interface
The Airlink Physical Layer
Shared Channel Environment
Approach 1 - Token Passing
Approach 2 - Demand Assigned with Reservation
Approach 3 - Slotted Aloha
Approach 4 - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
The Airlink MAC Sublayer
Reed-Solomon Blocks
Busy/Idle Indicator
Decode Status Flag
M-ES State Machine
Airlink MAC Parameters
Min_Idle_Time
Min_count and Max_count
Max_blocks Parameter
Half Duplex Mobiles
The Airlink Data Link Protocol
Selective Reject
Removal of CRC
Addition of ZAP
Sleep mode
When is the Mobile Asleep?
How is the Mobile Awakened?
SNDCF - Protocol Convergence
Segmentation and Reassembly
Multiplexing
Header Compression
TCP/IP Header Compression
CLNP Header Compression
V.42
Data Encryption
How Data Moves Through Layers.
Radio Resource Management
Model of Operation
Channel Hopping
Circuit Switch Cellular Digital Packet Data
Circuit Switch CDPD Control Protocol
Initial Connection
CM-ES Initiated Reconnection
CMD-IS Initiated Reconnection
Redirection
Robust Connections
Summary
Mobile Data Network Security
Introduction
Security Policy
Security Threats
Security Services and Mechanisms
Encipherment and Data Confidentiality
Public Key Cryptography
Digital Signatures
Authentication
Traffic Flow Confidentiality
Data Integrity
Key Management
Access Control
Network Layer Security Considerations
Network Layer Security Protocol (NLSP)
CDPD Security
CDPD Security Design Goals and Tradeoffs
Security Functions Supported
Security Functions Not Supported
CDPD Authentication
Authentication Process
Authentication Philosophy
Authentication Opportunities
CDPD Confidentiality
CDPD Privacy
CDPD Security Design Rationale
CDPD Security Objectives
One-Way vs. Two-Way Authentication
The Tunnel's Data Confidentiality and Authentication
Considerations for Use of PKCS
Consideration of Other Approaches
End to end security services
Mobile Network Support Services
Support Services Overview
CDPD Support Services
Network Management
Overview of System Management Framework
Systems Management Functions
Managed Objects
Management Communication Protocols
Systems Management Functional Areas
Fault Management
Usage Accounting Management
Configuration Management
Performance Management
Security Management
Relationship of Management Specifications to Functional Areas
CDPD Network Management
CMIP and SNMPv2
Proprietary vs. Open Standard
Why CMIP?
Usage Accounting
CDPD Usage Accounting
The CDPD Accounting Model
Accounting Meter
Serving Accounting Distributor (SAD)
Home Accounting Distributor (HAD)
Home Accounting Collector (HAC)
Consolidation Accounting Collector (CAC)
Message Handling Service
Overview of Message Handling Services
Message Structure
Message Transfer Agent (MTA)
User Agent (UA)
Message Store (MS)
Directory Services
The Directory
The Directory Model
The CDPD Directory Service
Summary
Mobile Applications
Categories of Mobile Applications
Push or Pull: Mobile Application Information Access
Vertical or Horizontal Nature of Mobile Applications
Vertical Applications
Field Service
Mobile Professional
Transportation
Point-of-Sale (POS)
Telemetry
Government
Horizontal Applications
Messaging and Email
POP
IMAP
SMTP
Proprietary Client/Server
Limited Size Messaging
Why LSM?
What is LSM?
LSM Requirements and Objectives
How LSM Works
LSM Protocols
Messaging Communication Stacks
Applications-Enabling Protocols
Limited Size Remote Operation Service (LSROS)
Status Notification Service
Why SNS?
SNS Requirements
SNS Model
How It Works
Subscriber Area Location Service
CDPD Subscriber Area Location Service
Non-Cellular Approaches to Mobile Data Networking
Background
Wireless LANs and Metropolitan Networks
Infrared Systems
Narrowband RF Systems
Spread Spectrum Systems
Metricom Ricochet
Paging Systems
One-Way Paging Systems
Two-Way Paging Systems
Motorola ReFLEX
personal Air Communicator Technology (pACT)
Private Wireless Packet Data Systems
Public Wireless Packet Data Services
Advanced Radio Data Integrated System (Ardis)
RAM Mobile Data (Mobitex)
RadioMail
Satellite-Based Systems
Summary
Future Directions in Mobility
Mobility under IPv4
The Mobile IP Standards Process
Mobile IP and the IETF
IETF Mobile IP Working Group Charter, Goals, and Milestones
Overview of Draft Version 16 of the IETF IP Mobility Support
Mobile IP Entities and Mechanisms
Mobile IP Operation
Care-of Addresses
Home and Foreign Agents
Mobile IP Protocol Walkthrough
Implementations Based on Mobile IP Drafts
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (1)
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (2)
Digital Equipment Corporation
FTP Software and Telxon Corporation
Carnegie Mellon University
National University of Singapore
SUNY Binghamton
Mobility under IPv6
The IPv6 Standards Process
Overview of Mobility Support in IPv6
Comparison of Mobile IP and CDPD
Objectives, Goals and Assumptions
Underlying Data Link Layer
Link Layer Efficiency
Network Layer Support
Network Administration and Management
Technical Architecture and Design
Model and Terminology
Operational Assumptions
Standardization Process
Potentials
Glossary of Terms
Bibliography
Index
